ephedra vulgaris

Ephedra vulgaris (synonym Ephedra distachya) is a gymnosperm shrub belonging to the Ephedraceae family, historically significant in traditional medicine systems such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (where it is known as Ma Huang). The plant is a natural source of phenethylamine alkaloids, primarily ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which act as sympathomimetic agents. These alkaloids stimulate the central nervous system and peripheral adrenergic receptors, functioning as non-selective agonists at alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. This stimulation results in physiological effects including bronchodilation, peripheral vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and enhanced thermogenesis. While traditionally used for respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchitis, Ephedra vulgaris gained widespread use in the late 20th century as a dietary supplement for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement. However, due to significant cardiovascular risks, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke, the U.S. FDA banned the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids in 2004.

Other names

Ephedra distachyaMa HuangSea GrapeJoint PineTeamaster's Tea