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Galectin-9 is a member of the galectin family of β-galactoside-binding lectins, characterized by two conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. It serves as a critical regulator of immune homeostasis and tumor-immune interactions. In multiple myeloma research, galectin-9 has been identified as a glycan-modulating adjuvant that binds to B cell surface glycans, subsequently inducing a significant upregulation of SLAMF7 (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7) on malignant plasma cells. This mechanism enhances the binding and functional activity of the anti-SLAMF7 monoclonal antibody Elotuzumab, leading to increased natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Additionally, galectin-9 is the natural ligand for the TIM-3 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2) checkpoint receptor, through which it modulates T-cell and myeloid cell functions.
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