gallein

Gallein is a synthetic small-molecule xanthene dye (pyrogallol phthalein) that functions as a high-affinity inhibitor of G protein βγ (Gβγ) subunit–dependent signaling, disrupting the interaction of Gβγ with downstream effectors such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) and thereby blocking PI3K and Rac1 activation, neutrophil chemotaxis, and related inflammatory responses.[1][2][3][5][7][8][10] Originally developed and used as a biological stain, acid–base indicator, and mordant dye, it has since been widely repurposed as a research tool compound in GPCR/G protein signaling, oncology, immunology, and cardiovascular models, where it demonstrates anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities in preclinical systems but is not an approved therapeutic drug.[1][2][3][5][7][8][10]

Other names

Pyrogallol phthaleinPyrogallolphthaleinPyrogallol phthalein indicatorMordant violet 25Alizarin violetAlizarin violet 3RCI 45445CI45445CI-45445Gβγ Modulator II4,5-dihydroxyfluorescein3',4',5',6'-tetrahydroxy-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9'-xanthen]-3-one