ginseng-derived nanoparticles

Ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs) are nano-sized extracellular vesicle-like particles isolated from the roots of Panax ginseng. These nanoparticles are enriched in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and have demonstrated significant immunomodulatory and anti-tumor properties in preclinical studies. Mechanistically, GDNPs induce M1-like polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88 signaling pathway, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in cancer cells. They also reprogram macrophages by reducing arginase-1 (ARG1) production through regulation of the mTOR-T-bet axis, which ameliorates T cell exhaustion within the tumor microenvironment. In animal models, administration of GDNPs has been shown to suppress tumor growth by shifting macrophage populations toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype and enhancing anti-tumor immune responses[1][4][5]. Beyond oncology applications, GDNPs have demonstrated protective effects against alcohol-induced liver injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation[6]. Their low immunogenicity and ability to modulate key immune pathways make them promising candidates for further development as nanotherapeutics for cancer immunotherapy and inflammatory diseases.

Other names

ginseng-derived extracellular vesiclesGDNPsplant-derived extracellular vesicles from Panax ginseng