glucagon-like peptide-1(28-36)amide

glucagon-like peptide-1(28-36)amide is a C-terminal nonapeptide metabolite of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) generated by the enzymatic cleavage of GLP-1(7-36)amide or GLP-1(9-36)amide by neutral endopeptidase (NEP 24.11 / neprilysin). Unlike intact GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1(28-36)amide does not bind to or activate the cell-surface GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Instead, it acts intracellularly as a cell-penetrating peptide, targeting the mitochondria where it binds to mitochondrial trifunctional protein-alpha (MTPα / HADHA). This interaction modulates cellular bioenergetics, shifts substrate utilization to increase glucose oxidation, and inhibits fatty acid oxidation. It also stimulates intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production via soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) and activates protein kinase A (PKA), leading to downstream phosphorylation of CREB and beta-catenin. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide-1(28-36)amide exerts cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, improves pyruvate tolerance, and provides cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Other names

FIAWLVKGR-NH2FIAWLVKGR-NH-2FIAWLVKGR-NH 2FIAWLVKGRamideGLP-1(28-36) amideGLP-1(28-36)amideGLP1(28-36) amideGLP1(28-36)amidePhe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH2Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH-2Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH 2glucagon-like peptide 1 (28-36) amideglucagon-like peptide-1 (28-36) amide