glucagon-like peptide-1 (32-36) amide

**Glucagon-like peptide-1 (32-36) amide** is a biologically active pentapeptide (sequence LVKGRamide) derived from the parent incretin hormone GLP-1, typically formed via cleavage from GLP-1(9-36) amide in circulation[1][5]. Unlike canonical GLP-1 receptor agonists, GLP-1(32-36) amide functions largely *independent of the GLP-1 receptor*, with documented effects in rodent models including increased basal energy expenditure, inhibition of weight gain, reduction of fat mass (without altering energy intake), and improvement in insulin resistance, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis[1][4]. Mechanistically, it upregulates thermogenic and fatty acid oxidation genes (such as UCP-1 and UCP-3), inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase in skeletal muscle, and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), collectively promoting enhanced fat metabolism and thermogenesis[1]. Research suggests it exhibits cytoprotective effects in β-cells and hepatocytes via mitochondrial targeting and activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A network, not mediated by GLP-1R[5]. The compound is investigational with no approved pharmaceutical formulations, and is conceptually considered for obesity and metabolic disorders[1][4].

Other names

GLP-1(32-36)amideLVKGRamide