glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide + glucagon-like peptide-1 + glucagon-like peptide-2

This is a combination of three endogenous incretin and gut hormones—glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Each of these peptides acts on its respective receptor to regulate metabolic processes. GIP and GLP-1 are incretins that stimulate insulin secretion in response to nutrient intake, with GLP-1 also reducing appetite, slowing gastric emptying, and suppressing glucagon release. GLP-2 primarily promotes intestinal growth and repair. Combination agonists targeting these receptors are being developed as advanced therapies for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and potentially other metabolic diseases due to their complementary mechanisms—improving glycemic control, promoting weight loss, enhancing satiety, and supporting gut health[1][3][6]. Triple agonists acting on GIP/GLP-1/glucagon or GIP/GLP-1/GLP-2 receptors are under investigation for their potential synergistic effects in treating complex metabolic disorders[1][3].