gramine

Gramine is a natural indole alkaloid primarily extracted from plants such as *Arundo donax L.* (giant reed) and barley (*Hordeum vulgare*). It exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and potent anti-tumor activities. In the context of oncology, gramine has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and migration, induce apoptosis, and trigger G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Its primary mechanism of action in cervical cancer involves the downregulation of Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) by modulating a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) axis consisting of the lncRNAs CYP4A22-AS1 and LINC00958, which act as molecular sponges for hsa-miR-133b. Additionally, gramine has been reported to suppress the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways and modulate TGF-β signaling to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Beyond its anti-cancer potential, it has also demonstrated protective effects in models of airway inflammation and asthma.

Other names

donaxine3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indoleN,N-dimethyl-1H-indole-3-methanamine