homogeneous polyporus polysaccharide

Homogeneous polyporus polysaccharide (HPP) is a purified glucan with an average molecular weight of 6.88 kDa, isolated from the sclerotia of the medicinal mushroom *Polyporus umbellatus*. It functions primarily as an immunomodulator that inhibits the progression of bladder cancer by inducing the polarization of macrophages from the pro-tumor M2 phenotype to the anti-tumor M1 phenotype. This polarization is mediated through the activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and subsequent NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways in macrophages. In the tumor microenvironment, HPP-activated macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α, which lead to the downregulation of the JAK2/NF-κB signaling pathway in bladder cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) while promoting apoptosis.

Other names

HPPPolyporus umbellatus polysaccharide