hydrolyzed pine nut oil

Hydrolyzed pine nut oil is a functional dietary lipid derived from the hydrolysis of pine nut oil, resulting in a free fatty acid-rich formulation. Its major active component is pinolenic acid (approximately 20%), with other significant fatty acids including linoleic and oleic acids[2]. Pinolenic acid acts as a dual agonist of the free fatty acid receptors FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120), which are involved in regulating incretin hormone release and appetite. Hydrolyzed pine nut oil has been shown in human studies to increase secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), reduce ghrelin levels, enhance satiety, decrease prospective food consumption, and modestly improve postprandial glucose tolerance[1][3][4]. In animal models, chronic administration improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure via an FFAR4-dependent mechanism[2]. It is primarily investigated as a dietary supplement for appetite control, weight management, metabolic health support, and potentially for improving glucose metabolism.

Other names

hydrolyzed pine nut oilPNO-FFAhPNO