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hydroxychloroquine
- Development stage
- Approved
- Lead developer
- Sanofi
- Modality
- Small Molecules
- Administration
- Oral, Inhalation
01
Overview
Hydroxychloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline derivative originally developed as an antimalarial agent but now widely utilized as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) for autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of endosomal Toll-like receptors (specifically TLR7 and TLR9) and the stabilization of lysosomal membranes by increasing lysosomal pH. Beyond its established roles in rheumatology, hydroxychloroquine is investigated as an autophagy inhibitor in oncology to overcome chemotherapy resistance in cancers like breast cancer and small cell lung cancer. It has also shown potential protective effects in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by reducing drusen formation and is being explored in aerosolized formulations for respiratory infections.
- Brand names
- PlaquenilQuineprox
- Other names
- hydroxychloroquine sulfateHCQHCQS
02
Targets
PPT1 (Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1)PTGS2 (Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2)TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7)TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8)ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9)β-Hematin
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