inhaled human insulin + metformin

This is a combination therapy consisting of **inhaled human insulin** (a rapid-acting, recombinant human insulin delivered by pulmonary inhalation) and **metformin** (a first-line oral antihyperglycemic agent). Both drugs are used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, either sequentially or together to improve glycemic control when single drugs are insufficient. Inhaled human insulin acts by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, suppressing hepatic glucose output, and inhibiting lipolysis and proteolysis, while metformin primarily decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity. This combination aims to optimize glycemic control by providing both exogenous insulin (via inhalation, reducing the need for injections) and improving endogenous insulin efficacy. This combination does not have a unique brand or product-specific name and represents the co-administration (not co-formulation) of both agents[1][3][5].