insulin + vildagliptin

This is a combination therapy consisting of insulin (a peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose) and vildagliptin (a small molecule dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] inhibitor). Insulin acts as a direct replacement or supplement to endogenous insulin, lowering blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake in tissues. Vildagliptin inhibits DPP-4, thereby increasing levels of incretin hormones such as GLP-1 and GIP, which stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete more insulin and suppress glucagon release from alpha cells in a glucose-dependent manner. The combination is used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in patients inadequately controlled on insulin alone or with other oral antidiabetic agents. Clinical studies have shown that adding vildagliptin to stable-dose insulin therapy improves glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain[2][5].