human insulin

Human insulin is a recombinant form of the natural hormone insulin used to regulate blood glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus. It is primarily indicated for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as gestational diabetes and diabetic emergencies such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states. Human insulin acts by binding to the insulin receptor on cell surfaces, activating its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. This leads to autophosphorylation of the receptor and phosphorylation of intracellular substrates (such as IRS proteins), triggering downstream signaling pathways that promote glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue while inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Additionally, it stimulates glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis while inhibiting lipolysis and gluconeogenesis[2][4][5][6]. Human insulin is produced using recombinant DNA technology in genetically engineered bacteria such as Escherichia coli[8].

Brand names

Humulin RActrapidHumulin SInsuman Rapid

Other names

regular insulinneutral insulinsoluble insulin