killed escherichia coli k12

Killed *Escherichia coli* K-12 refers to an inactivated preparation of the *Escherichia coli* K-12 strain, a widely used laboratory bacterium. This preparation is primarily investigated in research settings, particularly for its potential as a vaccine candidate. When used as a vaccine, its mechanism of action involves presenting bacterial antigens to the host's immune system, thereby stimulating a humoral and/or cellular immune response to protect against specific pathogens or conditions. Studies have explored its use in developing vaccines against influenza and extraintestinal pathogenic *E. coli* (ExPEC) infections. The use of heat-killed *E. coli* K12 for oral administration has been proven safe in clinical trials.