L22

L22 is a synthesized small molecule, an apigenin analog, that acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of α-glucosidase. It demonstrates a non-competitive inhibition mode with a high affinity (Ki value of 2.61 μM) for the enzyme. Molecular studies indicate that L22 forms hydrogen bonds and diverse interactions with amino acid residues of α-glucosidase, and its complex with the enzyme is stable. Preclinical studies in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes have shown that L22 significantly lowers fasting blood glucose levels and reduces insulin resistance. Additionally, L22 exhibits protective effects against oxidative stress in the liver and alleviates liver and pancreatic abnormalities, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes and for improving liver health.