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LSKL peptide (leucine-serine-lysine-leucine) is a synthetic tetrapeptide derived from the latency-associated peptide (LAP) of the latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) complex. It acts as a competitive antagonist that specifically inhibits the interaction between thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and LAP, thereby preventing the TSP-1-mediated activation of latent TGF-β1. By blocking this rate-limiting step of TGF-β activation, LSKL peptide suppresses downstream Smad2/3 signaling and has been widely investigated in preclinical research for its anti-fibrotic properties. It has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of ureteral fibrosis, liver fibrosis, renal interstitial fibrosis, subarachnoid fibrosis, hypertrophic scarring, and cardiac fibrosis, and has also been shown to accelerate liver regeneration after hepatectomy.
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