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metformin + nicotinamide + Kligman Formula
- Development stage
- Unknown
- Lead developer
- Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Modality
- Small Molecules
- Administration
- Topical
01
Overview
Metformin + nicotinamide + Kligman Formula refers to the therapeutic components evaluated in a Phase 2 randomized controlled trial (NCT05790577) for the treatment of melasma. The study compared an experimental topical lotion containing 30% metformin and 2% nicotinamide against the Kligman Formula, a standard triple combination therapy consisting of hydroquinone 2%, tretinoin 0.025%, and fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%. Metformin is a small molecule that inhibits melanogenesis by activating AMPK and reducing cAMP levels in melanocytes. Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) acts by inhibiting the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes. The Kligman Formula provides a synergistic effect through tyrosinase inhibition (hydroquinone), increased cell turnover (tretinoin), and reduction of inflammation (fluocinolone acetonide). The trial, conducted at Pak Emirates Military Hospital, found both treatment regimens to be efficacious in managing melasma.
- Other names
- 30% Metformin and 2% Nicotinamide Lotion vs Kligman Formula
02
Targets
ND1 (Mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I)AMPK (Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase)GSEC (Gamma-Secretase Complex)TYR (Tyrosinase)GR (Glucocorticoid receptor)PAR2 (Protease-activated receptor 2)RAR (Retinoic acid receptor)
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