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Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartate-nitroimidazole) micelles are hypoxia-responsive polymeric nanocarriers designed to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in solid tumors. The micelles are composed of a block copolymer featuring a hydrophilic methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) segment and a hydrophobic poly(aspartate) segment modified with nitroimidazole groups. In the hypoxic microenvironment of a tumor, the nitroimidazole moieties undergo bioreduction to hydrophilic aminoimidazoles, triggering micellar dissociation and the release of encapsulated therapeutic agents. Beyond acting as a delivery vehicle, the polymer carrier itself exerts a therapeutic effect by transiently depleting cellular reducing agents such as NADPH, glutathione (GSH), and thioredoxin. This depletion leads to the inactivation of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), which normally stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). By promoting the degradation of HIF-1α, these micelles sensitize hypoxic cancer cells to antineoplastic agents like sorafenib and overcome hypoxia-induced drug resistance.
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