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MVA-5T4 (TroVax) is a therapeutic cancer vaccine based on the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector engineered to express the human tumor-associated antigen 5T4. The antigen 5T4 is an oncofetal glycoprotein highly expressed in a wide range of solid tumors—including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), colorectal cancer (CRC), prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and mesothelioma—but rarely found in normal adult tissues. The primary mechanism involves stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses against cells expressing the 5T4 antigen. Clinical trials have shown that vaccination with MVA-5T4 can induce robust anti-tumor immune responses and has been evaluated as monotherapy or in combination with agents such as cyclophosphamide or interleukin-2. Despite promising immunogenicity data and orphan drug designation for renal cell carcinoma, development for all major indications has been discontinued[1][2][3][6].
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