Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom

Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (NPAV), also referred to as Thai neuro antivenom, is a syndromic polyvalent antivenom developed and manufactured by the Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI) of the Thai Red Cross Society. It is prepared by immunizing horses with the venoms of four medically important neurotoxic elapid snakes indigenous to Thailand and Southeast Asia: the monocled cobra (*Naja kaouthia*), the king cobra (*Ophiophagus hannah*), the banded krait (*Bungarus fasciatus*), and the Malayan krait (*Bungarus candidus*). NPAV consists of purified equine immunoglobulin G (IgG) or F(ab')2 fragments that physically bind to and neutralize the lethal neurotoxins (such as postsynaptic three-finger toxins and phospholipase A2) present in these venoms. This neutralization prevents the toxins from binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, thereby reversing or preventing progressive flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure in envenomed patients. NPAV is administered intravenously and is indicated for patients presenting with signs of neurotoxic envenomation when the culprit snake species is unknown or when a polyvalent approach is preferred.

Brand names

Neuro Polyvalent AntiveninNeuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom

Other names

NPAVThai neuro antivenomThai neurotoxic antivenomneuro s-pAVsyndromic neuro polyvalent antivenom