neuroprotectin d1

Neuroprotectin D1 is an endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator derived enzymatically from the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective activities in the central nervous system and retina. It is a 22-carbon docosatriene with hydroxyl groups at carbons 10 and 17 whose formation is initiated by 15-lipoxygenase-1–mediated oxygenation of free DHA, followed by epoxide formation and hydrolysis to the bioactive diol. Neuroprotectin D1 modulates multiple survival pathways, including upregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, downregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad, suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 and proinflammatory cytokine expression, and induction of cell-survival and DNA-repair proteins such as Iduna, thereby limiting oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis, leukocyte infiltration, and infarct size in experimental stroke, retinal injury, and other neuroinflammatory models. Although primarily studied as an endogenous mediator, synthetic Neuroprotectin D1 and related analogs are being explored preclinically as potential disease-modifying therapies for conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, postoperative delirium, neuropathic and cancer pain, and other neurodegenerative or inflammatory disorders.

Other names

protectin d1PD1PD-1PD 1NPD1NPD-1NPD 110R,17S-dihydroxydocosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid