niclosamide + remdesivir

Niclosamide + remdesivir is a combination of two pharmaceutical agents: **niclosamide**, an oral anthelmintic and broad-spectrum antiviral and antibacterial small molecule, and **remdesivir**, a nucleoside analog antiviral agent. Niclosamide disrupts multiple cellular pathways, inhibits viral replication, modulates autophagic flux and mitochondrial uncoupling, whereas remdesivir inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, blocking viral RNA synthesis. Both agents have shown in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, though there is no specific combination product of niclosamide + remdesivir currently reported as approved, branded, or in clinical development under a unique name. The rationale for combination is based on potential synergy in inhibiting replication of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses, primarily investigated as a possible therapy for COVID-19. Remdesivir is an approved intravenous antiviral, and niclosamide has been repurposed and formulated for respiratory or oral delivery in investigational settings.