nivolumab + rh-endostatin

Nivolumab + rh-endostatin is a combination therapy that pairs an immune checkpoint inhibitor (nivolumab) with an anti-angiogenic agent (recombinant human endostatin or rh-endostatin, also known as Endostar). Nivolumab works by blocking the PD-1 receptor, enhancing T-cell immune response against cancer cells. Rh-endostatin is a multiple-target angiogenesis inhibitor that specifically targets tumor vascular endothelial cells, promoting tumor vascular normalization and reducing hypoxia. This combination has shown synergistic effects in clinical trials, with rh-endostatin facilitating the infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes into tumors, decreasing immunosuppressive cells, and improving the tumor immune microenvironment. The combination has been studied particularly for previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.