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NY-ESO-1 + monophosphoryl lipid A is a therapeutic cancer vaccine candidate designed to elicit a robust immune response against tumors expressing the New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) antigen, a member of the cancer-testis antigen family. The vaccine formulation consists of the recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein, which serves as the target antigen, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a detoxified derivative of lipid A from *Salmonella minnesota* that acts as a potent immunological adjuvant. MPL functions as an agonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), triggering the activation of the innate immune system and promoting the maturation of antigen-presenting cells. This process enhances the magnitude and quality of the T-cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. Primarily developed through collaborations involving the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and GSK, this combination has been investigated in clinical trials for various malignancies, including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer.
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