Plasmodium vivax immunotherapy

Plasmodium vivax immunotherapy is an experimental form of immunotherapy that deliberately induces a controlled, low-level infection with the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium vivax, in cancer patients to stimulate antitumor immune responses. The therapy is based on the observation that Plasmodium infection can robustly activate the innate and adaptive immune systems, overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and promoting T cell infiltration and antitumor activity. Mechanistic studies indicate activation of dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells; secretion of proinflammatory (Th1-type) cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ; and increased effector CD8+ T cell function via inhibition of PD-1 expression in the tumor microenvironment. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T-regulatory cells are reduced, and antitumor responses are further aided by inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In clinical and preclinical studies, this immunotherapy is usually terminated and controlled with artesunate. Research is ongoing and clinical trials have taken measures to ensure patient safety by keeping parasitemia low and using antimalarial drugs to avoid persistent infection[1][2][3][7].

Other names

Plasmodium immunotherapyPI