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This combination therapy consists of a 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax 23) and sargramostim (Leukine), a recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Developed and investigated by the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, the combination is designed to prevent pneumococcal infections in patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL patients typically exhibit poor responses to standard vaccinations due to inherent immune defects. In this regimen, sargramostim acts as an immune adjuvant to enhance the recruitment and maturation of dendritic cells, thereby improving antigen presentation and normalizing B-cell responses to the 23 pneumococcal serotypes contained in the vaccine.
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