Propentofylline

Propentofylline is a methylated xanthine compound that functions as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and an adenosine reuptake blocker. It exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties by diminishing the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes. The drug also improves thiol-based antioxidant defenses through the induction of glutathione reductase activity and inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. It has been investigated for various conditions, including vascular cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, irritability associated with autism spectrum disorder, postoperative pain, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Additionally, it is used in veterinary medicine for feline infectious peritonitis and canine cognitive dysfunction, and has shown effects on amyloid-beta processing and aggregation, as well as cholesterol levels.