propranolol

Propranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist (beta blocker) used to treat a variety of cardiovascular and neurological conditions. Its primary mechanism of action is competitive antagonism at beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system. By blocking these receptors, propranolol reduces the effects of catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. This leads to decreased heart rate (negative chronotropy), reduced myocardial contractility (negative inotropy), lower blood pressure through vasodilation and inhibition of renin release from the kidneys[5][6][8]. Propranolol is indicated for hypertension (high blood pressure), angina pectoris (chest pain), arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), prevention of migraine headaches, essential tremor, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, pheochromocytoma-associated symptoms, anxiety symptoms (especially physical manifestations like tachycardia or tremor), and to improve survival after myocardial infarction[1][2][4]. It is also used in infants for treatment of infantile hemangiomas under the brand name Hemangeol[1]. Propranolol was first patented in 1962 and approved for medical use in 1964[6].

Brand names

HemangeolInderal LAInderal XLInnoPran XLInderalPropranolol Hydrochloride ERHemangiolInnopran

Other names

BetalongEuprovasinProprasylytReducorPropanalolPropanixpropranololoCorpendolSawataldl-propranololSumialPropranololumD,L-Propranolol(+-)-Propranololracemic-PropranololAnapriline1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propan-2-ol