rhamnetin

Rhamnetin is a naturally occurring O-methylated flavonol, classified as a monomethoxyflavone and a methylated derivative of quercetin. It is commonly found in various fruits and vegetables, including cloves, coriander leaves and seeds, apple pomace, peanuts, sour cherries, and radishes. Rhamnetin exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Mechanistically, it exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6), suppressing nitric oxide (NO) production in activated macrophages, and modulating key signaling pathways including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Rhamnetin has demonstrated protective effects against organ damage in preclinical models of sepsis caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria by reducing inflammatory markers and preserving liver/kidney function[1][3][4][5][6]. Additionally, it has been shown to decrease HMG-CoA reductase gene expression while increasing low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression in hepatoma cells[8]. Its potential therapeutic applications are under investigation for inflammatory diseases, sepsis due to resistant bacteria, cancer chemoresistance sensitization strategies—particularly hepatocellular carcinoma—and cholesterol metabolism modulation.

Other names

beta-rhamnocitrin7-methoxyquercetin7-O-methylquercetinquercetin 7-methyl etherquercetin7-methyl etherquercetin-7-methyl ether