rituximab + programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor or programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor + targeted therapy

This is a combination regimen consisting of three components: - **Rituximab** is a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, a surface antigen present on B cells. It induces B-cell depletion through mechanisms including complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), direct induction of apoptosis, and modulation of immune responses. Rituximab is widely used in the treatment of B-cell malignancies such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia[1][2][3][4][5][7]. - **Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors** are monoclonal antibodies that block the interaction between PD-1 on T cells and PD-L1 on tumor or immune cells. This blockade releases inhibitory signals on T cells, reinvigorating anti-tumor immunity and enabling the immune system to attack cancer cells more effectively. These agents have demonstrated efficacy across multiple cancers, including lymphoma, lung cancer, melanoma, and others[6][8][10]. - **Targeted therapy** refers to drugs designed to specifically inhibit molecular pathways critical for tumor growth or survival. The specific agent(s) in this category can vary but typically include small molecules or antibodies directed against oncogenic drivers. The rationale for combining these therapies is to leverage complementary mechanisms—direct tumor cell killing by rituximab; enhanced anti-tumor immunity via checkpoint inhibition; and disruption of key oncogenic pathways with targeted agents—to improve clinical outcomes in hematologic malignancies or solid tumors.