ruditapes philippinarum polysaccharides

Ruditapes philippinarum polysaccharides (ERPP) are natural polysaccharides enzymatically extracted from the clam *Ruditapes philippinarum*. They have demonstrated anti-colorectal cancer activity by inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing colony formation, and impairing migratory capacity in HT-29 cells. The primary mechanism of action involves the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, characterized by the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, leading to cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. ERPP also exhibits potent antioxidant capacity by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and decreasing reactive oxygen species levels within tumor cells, thereby augmenting its anticancer efficacy. Furthermore, it attenuates tumor angiogenesis through the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfaa) gene expression. These properties suggest its potential as a functional food component or an adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer management.