sambucus ebulus

Sambucus ebulus is a perennial herbaceous plant known as dwarf elder, used extensively in traditional medicine across Europe and parts of Asia for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Its pharmacological activity is attributed to high levels of flavonoids, anthocyanins, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and polyphenols. Extracts from different parts of the plant (flowers, leaves, roots, fruits) have been shown in preclinical studies to suppress inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibit COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), and modulate immune and complement system activity. The fruit, rich in anthocyanins (notably cyanidin derivatives), exerts immune-modulatory effects, reduces inflammatory cytokines, and has demonstrated cytotoxicity in cancer models by inducing apoptosis. It has also shown antibacterial and antiviral activities against various pathogens in vitro. While much of its traditional and preclinical use is established, there are very limited clinical trials in humans to date, and further well-controlled studies are needed for regulatory approval and clinical integration[1][2][3][4].

Other names

dwarf elderdanewortEuropean dwarf elderelderberry (common name, not specific)ebulusebulum