SG1

SG1 is a sesquiterpene glycoside isolated from loquat leaf and is also described as a novel glycan. It has demonstrated beneficial effects against palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by significantly enhancing glucose uptake and decreasing lipid accumulation. Its mechanism of action involves the up-regulation of phosphorylated AMPK, ACC, IRS-1, and Akt, and the down-regulation of SREBP-1 and FAS, primarily through the AMPK signaling pathway. SG1 is also being investigated in a randomized, open-label clinical study to assess its safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and effects on the gut microbiota of healthy subjects.