thymulin

Thymulin is a thymic nonapeptide (Glu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn) that requires the presence of zinc for its biological activity. Produced by thymic epithelial cells, it plays a critical role in the immune system by inducing T-cell differentiation and enhancing the functions of T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Beyond its immunomodulatory role, thymulin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. It has been shown to inhibit the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, reduce the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and heat shock proteins (Hsp72, Hsp90), and alleviate pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Research has explored its potential in treating sepsis, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune conditions, with recent studies investigating nanoparticle-bound formulations to improve efficacy and delivery.

Other names

Facteur thymique sériqueSerum thymic factorZinc-thymulinThymic factor