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TNF-alpha-armed NY-ESO-1 T-cell receptor T cells are an investigational adoptive cell therapy consisting of autologous T cells engineered via lentiviral transduction to express both a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the NY-ESO-1 (New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1) cancer-testis antigen and a supplemental copy of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene. This "arming" strategy is designed to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristic of solid tumors. Upon recognition of NY-ESO-1 presented by HLA-A*02:01, these T cells secrete TNF-α locally in an antigen-dependent manner. This localized cytokine secretion promotes T-cell infiltration, reduces the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and enhances anti-tumor effector activity without inducing the systemic toxicity typically associated with TNF-α administration. Preclinical studies have demonstrated superior tumor control and survival in melanoma models compared to conventional TCR-T cells.
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