toripalimab + sargramostim

The combination of a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an investigational immunotherapy regimen, most notably developed by researchers at Beijing Cancer Hospital for the treatment of microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer. In this specific context, the regimen typically utilizes toripalimab, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeting the PD-1 receptor, alongside sargramostim (recombinant human GM-CSF). The mechanism of action is designed to overcome the "cold" immune microenvironment characteristic of MSS colorectal tumors. While toripalimab releases the "brakes" on T-cells by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, GM-CSF acts as a potent cytokine that stimulates the production and maturation of antigen-presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells. This dual approach aims to enhance the priming of tumor-specific T-cells and promote their infiltration into the tumor. Clinical trials, often incorporating additional modalities like radiotherapy or VEGFR inhibitors (e.g., fruquintinib), have demonstrated promising efficacy in patients who are typically resistant to standard checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy.

Brand names

Tuoyi

Other names

toripalimab + GM-CSFJS001 + GM-CSFprogrammed cell death protein 1 inhibitor + granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factortoripalimab + molgramostim