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VAX014 + nivolumab is an investigational combination therapy comprised of VAX014, a first-in-class, pan-tumor targeted oncolytic immunotherapy employing bacterial minicells, and nivolumab, a PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibody (marketed as Opdivo). VAX014 is engineered for targeting integrin α3β1 and α5β1 expressed on tumor cells and delivers an oncolytic payload (perfringolysin O) via a recombinant, replication-incompetent *E. coli*-derived minicell system. Upon integrin-mediated endocytosis, VAX014 induces rapid tumor cell lysis and activates innate and adaptive immunity. Nivolumab blocks PD-1-mediated T-cell inhibition, enhancing antitumor T-cell activity. The rationale for the combination is that VAX014’s oncolytic and immunogenic cell death mechanisms may potentiate or restore antitumor responses to nivolumab in solid tumors that are refractory to PD-1 blockade. The combination is under Phase 1 clinical investigation in patients with advanced solid tumors that have progressed on prior PD-1 directed therapy[1][3].
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