verrucarin A

Verrucarin A is a potent Type D macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin primarily produced by fungi such as *Albifimbria verrucaria* (formerly *Myrothecium verrucaria*). It acts as a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the A-site of the 60S ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes, thereby triggering a ribotoxic stress response. Beyond its role as a toxin, verrucarin A has been investigated for its significant anticancer properties, demonstrating the ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit prosurvival signaling pathways such as Akt/NF-κB/mTOR. It also functions as an inhibitor of steroid receptor coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3). Due to its high systemic toxicity, recent research has focused on targeted delivery systems, including antibody-directed extracellular vesicles (EVs) and folate-receptor-targeted conjugates, to treat glioblastoma, triple-negative breast cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, and inflammatory disorders. Additionally, it exhibits antifungal, antimalarial, and nematicidal activities.

Other names

Mu-1Mu1Mu 1