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Xilei San is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal preparation traditionally used for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing properties. It is a multi-ingredient formula typically composed of substances such as pearl, artificial musk, calculus bovis (ox gallstone), borax, and borneol. In modern clinical practice, Xilei San has been repurposed as a topical treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases, specifically ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative colitis, where it is often administered via suppository or enema. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in inducing clinical remission and mucosal healing in patients who are refractory to standard first-line therapies like mesalamine or corticosteroids. Its therapeutic effect is attributed to the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the promotion of epithelial barrier repair.
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