xylooligosaccharides

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are short-chain polymers of the sugar xylose, typically composed of 2–7 xylose units linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. They are produced from the xylan fraction in plant fiber and are classified as prebiotics—nondigestible carbohydrates that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Unlike other prebiotics based on C6 sugars (e.g., inulin), XOS have a unique C5 structure. Commercially available since the 1980s, they are now widely used due to improved production technologies. Mechanistically, XOS resist digestion by human enzymes but are fermented by specific gut microbiota, leading to increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), improved intestinal barrier function, modulation of immune responses, and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. Clinical studies have shown benefits for digestive health (including relief from constipation and diarrhea), improvements in blood glucose and lipid profiles, enhanced mineral absorption (calcium/magnesium), potential anti-tumor effects, antioxidant properties, immune stimulation/modulation, reduction in cardiovascular risk factors, support for bone health via increased mineral absorption/bone density improvement—and possible roles in managing metabolic disorders such as diabetes or hyperlipidemia[1][3][4][5][6]. Typical effective doses range from 0.3–4 g/day; side effects at higher doses may include mild gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating or flatulence[2]. XOS is heat-stable and suitable for use in functional foods/beverages or dietary supplements.

Other names

xylo-oligosaccharideXOS