γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition within neural circuits. GABA functions mainly as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, reducing neuronal excitability throughout the CNS. By binding to its receptors on neurons, GABA decreases the likelihood that these cells will fire action potentials or release other neurotransmitters, thus exerting a calming effect on brain activity. This action is essential for controlling anxiety, stress responses, motor control, mood regulation, sleep cycles, and overall behavioral modulation.

Benzodiazepines enhance GABAA receptor-mediated transmission for anxiolytic/sedative effects. Barbiturates also potentiate this pathway.