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巨噬细胞(Macrophage)是固有免疫系统关键的吞噬性白细胞,源自骨髓造血干细胞,经单核细胞阶段发育成熟并广泛分布于全身各组织。它们能通过吞噬作用清除病原体、损伤细胞和代谢废物,参与炎症反应、被动防御及后续组织修复。巨噬细胞还能作为抗原呈递细胞,桥接先天与适应性免疫。功能上,受局部环境与信号影响,巨噬细胞可极化为M1型(促炎)或M2型(抗炎/修复),并在多种疾病(如肿瘤、炎症自身免疫、感染、神经退行性病变、心血管疾病与代谢性疾病等)中发挥核心作用。由于其多样性和可塑性,巨噬细胞已成为免疫治疗和炎症调控的重要药物开发靶点[3][5][6][7][9]。
抑制促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-6、NO等)释放,减少炎症反应; 诱导向M2型极化,促进组织修复和抗炎反应; 阻断吞噬活性或细胞因子的释放以防止组织损伤和自身免疫; 促进抗原呈递增强适应性免疫应答; 靶向和耗竭肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)以增强抗肿瘤免疫
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