Acellular scaffold (AS)

An acellular scaffold is a complex biological structure produced by removing all cellular components from a donor tissue or organ while preserving the native extracellular matrix (ECM) [1: Crapo et al., 2011, Biomaterials]. This decellularization process retains the essential structural proteins, such as collagen and elastin, and biochemical cues like glycosaminoglycans that are critical for cell-matrix interactions [2: Gilbert et al., 2006, Biomaterials]. In clinical applications, these scaffolds serve as a template for regenerative medicine, promoting the infiltration of host cells and the subsequent remodeling of the scaffold into functional tissue [3: Badylak, 2004, Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology]. They are widely utilized in wound healing, cardiovascular repair, and reconstructive surgery due to their ability to mimic the natural microenvironment better than synthetic alternatives [4: Ott et al., 2008, Nature Medicine]. While highly effective, the success of acellular scaffolds depends on the thoroughness of cell removal to prevent adverse immune reactions and the maintenance of structural integrity to support mechanical loads [5: Keane et al., 2015, Methods].

Other names

Decellularized extracellular matrixdECMAcellular matrixBiological scaffoldBiomatrix

Acellular scaffolds function by providing a three-dimensional structural and biochemical template that mimics the native extracellular matrix, thereby facilitating host cell recruitment, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation for tissue regeneration [1, 2, 3].