Adaptive and innate immune receptors recognizing influenza virus-like particle antigens

The adaptive and innate immune receptors recognizing influenza virus-like particle (VLP) antigens represent a coordinated network of sensors that initiate and shape the host immune response to vaccination. Innate recognition is primarily mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), which detects viral RNA, and RIG-I, which senses 5-prime-triphosphate RNA, leading to the production of Type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines [1][2]. Adaptive recognition involves B-cell receptors (BCRs) that bind directly to surface glycoproteins like Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) displayed on the VLP surface, and T-cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize VLP-derived peptides presented on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules [3][4]. VLPs are highly effective as vaccine platforms because their multivalent, repetitive structure efficiently cross-links BCRs and provides danger signals to innate receptors, mimicking a natural viral infection without the risk of replication [5]. This dual engagement ensures the maturation of high-affinity antibodies and the generation of robust T-cell memory, which are critical for protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza [6]. Understanding the interaction between these receptors and VLP antigens is crucial for the development of next-generation universal influenza vaccines and immunotherapies [7].

Other names

Influenza-sensing receptorsPattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for influenzaAntigen receptors for influenza VLPsInnate and adaptive immune sensors of influenza

Influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) act as multivalent antigens that cross-link B-cell receptors (BCRs) to induce antibody production and are internalized by dendritic cells where they activate innate sensors like Toll-like receptors (TLR7/8) and RIG-I, leading to MHC-restricted antigen presentation to T-cell receptors (TCRs) [1][3][7].