Adaptive immune receptors recognizing SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain antigen

Adaptive immune receptors recognizing the SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain antigen comprise B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs) that mediate the body's specific defense against COVID-19 [1]. BCRs and their secreted antibody forms target various epitopes on the spike protein, particularly the receptor-binding domain (RBD), to neutralize the virus and prevent its attachment to host ACE2 receptors [2]. TCRs recognize spike-derived peptides presented by MHC molecules, triggering T-cell activation and the destruction of infected cells [3]. These receptors are the primary focus of vaccine development, where the spike ectodomain is used as an immunogen to elicit a protective immune repertoire [4]. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are engineered versions of these high-affinity receptors used to provide immediate passive immunity [5]. Monitoring the diversity and binding affinity of these receptors is essential for evaluating vaccine efficacy against emerging viral variants [6].

Other names

SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific B-cell receptorsSARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T-cell receptorsAnti-S antibodiesS-reactive TCRsSpike-binding immunoglobulins

Vaccines act as immunogens to stimulate the production and maturation of these receptors; monoclonal antibodies act as exogenous receptor analogs to neutralize viral particles.