Adenovirus receptors and entry factors

Adenovirus receptors and entry factors are a diverse group of cell surface molecules that facilitate the attachment and internalization of adenoviruses into host cells. The primary attachment receptor for many common serotypes, such as Ad5, is the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Bergelson et al., 1997, Science). Other serotypes, particularly those in Group B, utilize CD46 or Desmoglein-2 (DSG2) as their primary docking sites (Gaggar et al., 2003, Nature Medicine; Wang et al., 2011, Nature Medicine). Following initial attachment, the virus typically interacts with secondary entry factors, most notably alpha-v integrins (e.g., alpha-v beta-3 and alpha-v beta-5), which recognize the RGD motif in the viral penton base and trigger clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Wickham et al., 1993, Cell). In oncology, the expression levels of these receptors on tumor cells are critical determinants of the efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses and viral-mediated gene therapies. However, therapeutic challenges remain, including the downregulation of CAR in advanced tumors and the high sequestration of viral vectors in the liver through interactions between the viral hexon and blood coagulation Factor X (Waddington et al., 2008, Cell).

Other names

Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)CXADRCD46Desmoglein-2 (DSG2)Integrin alpha-v beta-3Integrin alpha-v beta-5Adenovirus attachment receptorsAdenovirus internalization factors

Facilitation of viral attachment to the cell surface followed by secondary interaction with entry factors to trigger endocytosis and intracellular trafficking.