Allergen recognition by immune system

The process of allergen recognition by the immune system involves the initial detection of exogenous proteins—known as allergens—by antigen-presenting cells (especially dendritic cells and macrophages, as well as epithelial cells) through a diverse array of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI[1][3][2]. These receptors initiate signaling cascades that lead to the internalization and processing of allergens, presentation to T helper cells (typically CD4+ Th2 cells via MHC class II molecules), and subsequent secretion of cytokines that drive an IgE-mediated allergic inflammatory response[1][2][3][4]. This pathway is critical in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and underlies the molecular and cellular basis for disorders such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and systemic allergic reactions[1][3][2][4]. Importantly, this entry refers to a class of biological processes rather than a unique molecular target.

Other names

Allergen sensingAllergic sensitization pathwayAllergen receptor pathwayAllergen recognition pathway