Amniotic membrane (AM)

The amniotic membrane is the innermost layer of the placenta and consists of a single epithelial cell layer, a thick basement membrane, and multiple stromal sublayers (compact, fibroblast, and spongy layers), containing types I, III, IV, V, and VII collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, proteoglycans, as well as bioactive molecules (growth factors, cytokines)[1][2][4][5]. It is avascular and has remarkable mechanical stability and elasticity. Amniotic membrane naturally functions as a protective barrier for the fetus and regulates local inflammation, scarring, and tissue growth. Medically, it is used as a biological dressing or scaffold in ophthalmology, wound repair, and reconstructive surgery, valued for its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties[1][4][5][6][10]. It is not a drug target or discrete biomolecule; rather, it is a complex biological material applied for its physical and biochemical effects.

Other names

Amnionhuman amniotic membraneplacental membrane (amniotic portion)

Acts as a biological scaffold providing structural support[1][3][4] Delivers growth factors/cytokines for regeneration[2][6] Suppresses inflammation via release of anti-inflammatory factors[7] Reduces scarring by modulating fibroblast activity[5] Anti-microbial barrier[10]