ATP synthase (mitochondrial) (ATP synthase, Complex V, F1Fo ATP synthase)

ATP synthase (mitochondrial), also called Complex V, is a multi-subunit enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane responsible for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy generated from a transmembrane proton gradient established by the electron transport chain[1][2][3][5]. The enzyme comprises two sectors, F1 and Fo: F1 contains the catalytic sites for ATP synthesis and protrudes into the matrix, while Fo is membrane-embedded and acts as a proton channel. The rotation of the central stalk driven by proton flow couples the movement of protons through Fo to ATP synthesis in F1—a process central to aerobic energy provision in all eukaryotic cells[1][2][3][5][6]. ATP synthase dysfunction is linked to inherited mitochondrial diseases, cancer metabolism, and neurodegenerative disorders, making it a key target in mitochondrial biology. If you need detailed gene/protein nomenclature, ATP synthase subunits are encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genes (e.g., ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATP5C1, ATP5D, ATP5E for F1; ATP6, ATP8 for Fo)[3].

Other names

Mitochondrial ATP synthaseComplex VF1Fo ATP synthaseH+-transporting ATPaseATPaseF-type ATPase

Enzyme inhibition (prevents ATP production by blocking proton flow through the Fo subunit), Allosteric modulation, Disruption of rotary catalysis, Induction of mitochondrial membrane depolarization (energy crisis, apoptosis).